Anatomical study of the inferior extensor retinaculum and the oblique superolateral band: implications for the Brostrom-Gould procedure.

PURPOSE: The Brostrom-Gould procedure is currently the gold standard surgical choice for the treatment of chronic ankle instability; it can significantly improve ankle function and stability in patients. However, recent studies have reported doubts regarding the feasibility of the inferior extensor retinaculum (IER) after Brostrom-Gould and therapeutic effects compared with the Brostrom procedure. The purpose of the present study was to observe the anatomical characteristics of the lateral part of the IER using cadaveric bodies in order to guide the surgical operation of chronic ankle instability. METHODS: Twenty-three cadaveric ankles were dissected. The morphology of the IER and its internal structure was observed and recorded for each ankle. The shortest distance between the Stem ligament of the IER and the anterior fibular periosteum (AFP) was measured and recorded, then attempts were made to suture the Stem to the AFP. RESULTS: Twelve of the cadaveric ankles were observed as having an oblique superolateral band (OSLB) that had a tough texture upward of the lateral IER connecting with SL, as are the characteristics of the oblique superolateral band (OSLB) reported in previous studies. The inner and outer membrane of the OSLB were connected with inner and outer membrane of Stem. The average value of the distance between the Stem and AFP was 11.60 ± 2.71 mm, and the maximum and the minimum distance were 19.04 mm and 6.53 mm, respectively. The P -value (P = 0.2) resulting from a single sample K-S test confirmed that the distribution of distances conformed to normality. None of the SL in the study could be sutured to the AFP. CONCLUSION: The OSLB of the IER has a tough texture and connects with the Stem, and has the potential be utilised in the Brostrom-Gould procedure. However, we do not recommend utilization of the Stem in this operation regardless of the distance between the AFP and the Stem. When the Stem cannot be used to enhance repair in this operation, other solutions can be used for strengthening and to protect the repaired ATFL.

Bioinformatics Analysis Identifies Potential Ferroptosis Key Genes in the Pathogenesis of Intracerebral Hemorrhage.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a dangerous neurological disease. The mechanism of ferroptosis in ICH remains unclear. Using bioinformatics analysis, we aimed to identify the key molecules involved in ferroptosis and provide treatment targets for ICH to further explore the mechanism of ferroptosis in ICH. GSE24265 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) dataset and intersected with ferroptosis genes. A total of 45 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were selected, most of which were involved in the TNF signaling pathway and oxidative stress response. Key modules constructed by the protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analysis and screening of genes related to the TNF signaling pathway led to the confirmation of the following genes of interest: MAPK1, MAPK8, TNFAIP3, ATF4, and SLC2A1. Moreover, MAPK1 was one of the key genes related to TNF signaling and oxidative stress, and it may play an important role in ferroptosis after cerebral hemorrhage. The MAPK1-related molecules included hsa-miR-15b-5P, hsa-miR-93-5P, miR-20b-5p, SNHG16, XIST, AC084219.4, RP11-379K17.11, CTC-444N24.11, GS1-358P8.4, CTB-89H12.4, RP4-773N10.5, and FGD5-AS1. We also generated a hemorrhage rat model, which was used to conduct exercise intervention in ICH rats, and qRT-PCR was used to assess the expression levels of our genes of interest. The mRNA levels after cerebral hemorrhage showed that MAPK1, ATF4, SLC2A1, and TNFAIP3 were upregulated, whereas MAPK8 was downregulated. Treadmill training increased the expression of anti-inflammatory molecules TNFAIP3 and SLC2A1 and reduced the expression of MAPK1, ATF4, and MAPK8, indicating that treadmill training may be utilized as antioxidant therapy to decrease neuronal ferroptosis. The results of this study indicated that the MAPK1-related mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA interaction chain could be potentially employed as a biomarker of the inception and progression of ferroptosis after cerebral hemorrhage.

[Effects of high temperature stress on net photosynthetic rate and photosystem II activity in Citrus].

Table ADC-225-MK3 CO2 gas analyzer and PAM-2000 portable fluorescence measurement system were used to measure the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), initial fluorescence (Fo), maximal photochemical efficiency of PS II (Fv/Fm) and electron transport rate (ETR) of satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and navel orange (C. sinensis Osbeck) leaves. The results showed that exposure of citrus plants to high temperature (38-40 degrees C) led to a lowering of Pn, Fv/Fm, and ETR, whereas Fo increased. After exposure to high temperature for 25 days, compared with normal temperature (25 degrees C), the Pn of satsuma mandarin and navel orange leaves decreased by 55.6% and 39.8%, Fv/Fm decreased by 22.0% and 6.7% and ETR reduced by 55.0% and 41.5%, respectively. On the other hand, Fo increased 113.8% and 14.9%, respectively. With subsequent transfer to the 25 degrees C culture room for 10 days, Pn, Fv/Fm, Fo and ETR recovered significantly. These results demonstrated that the reduction of Pn in Citrus was related to the inactivation of PSII reaction center.